/*
 * NARS-Examples-SingleStep.txt  
 * Pei Wang [All Rights Reserved]
 * last modified: August 16, 2006  
 *
 * Examples showing conclusions of single-step inference in the Java applet,
 * listed in the order by which they are introduced into the logic.
 *
 * Each example consists of one or more premises followed by one or more
 * questions, and the (expected) last answer is below "--------------------".
 *   
 * To run an example, copy the premises and question and paste them into the 
 * Input Window of NARS, click "OK" in the Input Window, then click "Run" in
 * the NARS Main Window.
 *
 * To reset the memory between examples, selecting menu item "Memory/Initialize".
 */



/* ---------- NAL-1 ---------- */


// revision

bird --> swimmer %1; 0.8%
bird --> swimmer %0; 0.5%
bird --> swimmer
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer> %0.80;0.83%


// choice

swan --> bird %1; 0.5%
penguin --> bird %0.8; 0.9%
?x --> bird
--------------------
<penguin --> bird> %0.80;0.90% 


// deduction

bird --> animal %1%
robin --> bird %1%
robin --> animal
--------------------
<robin --> animal> %1.00;0.81%


// induction

swan --> swimmer %1%
swan --> bird %1%
bird --> swimmer
--------------------
<bird --> swimmer> %1.00;0.44%


// abduction

sport --> competition %1%
chess --> competition %1%
chess --> sport
--------------------
<chess --> sport> %1.00;0.44%


// exemplification

bird --> animal %1%
robin --> bird %1%
animal --> robin
--------------------
<animal --> robin> %1.00;0.44%


// conversion

bird --> swimmer %0.4%
swimmer --> bird
--------------------
<swimmer --> bird> %1.00;0.26%


// question derivation 
[to see all the results, set "Parameter/Report Silence Level" to 0]

bird --> swimmer %1%
?x {-- swimmer
--------------------
$0.36;0.28;0.50$ <bird --> {?1}>
$0.81;0.56;1.00$ <{?1} --> bird>
$0.90;0.56;1.00$ <bird <-> {?1}>



/* ---------- NAL-2 ---------- */


// revision

swan <-> robin %1; 0.8%
swan <-> robin %0; 0.5%
swan <-> robin
--------------------
<robin <-> swan> %0.80;0.83%


// merge

swan --> bird %1%
bird --> swan %0.1%
swan <-> bird
--------------------
<bird <-> swan> %0.10;0.89%


// comparison

swan --> swimmer %1; 0.8%
swan --> bird %1; 0.8%
bird <-> swimmer
--------------------
<bird <-> swimmer> %1.00;0.39%


// analogy

swan --> swimmer %1%
gull <-> swan %1%
gull --> swimmer
--------------------
<gull --> swimmer> %1.00;0.72%


// deduction

swan <-> robin %1%
gull <-> swan %1%
gull <-> robin
--------------------
<gull <-> robin> %1.00;0.81%


// conversion

swan <-> bird %0.9%
swan --> bird
--------------------
<swan --> bird> %0.90;0.81%

swan --> bird %0.9%
swan <-> bird
--------------------
<bird <-> swan> %0.90;0.47%


// instance and property

Tweety {-- bird %1%
--------------------
<{Tweety} --> bird> %1.00;0.90%

raven --] black %1%
--------------------
<raven --> [black]> %1.00;0.90%

Tweety {-] yellow %1%
--------------------
<{Tweety} --> [yellow]> %1.00;0.90%


// set definition

{Tweety} --> {Birdie} %1%
{Tweety} <-> {Birdie}
--------------------
<{Birdie} <-> {Tweety}> %1.00;0.90%

[smart] --> [bright] %0.9%
[smart] <-> [bright]
--------------------
<[bright] <-> [smart]> %0.90;0.90% 


// structure transformation

{Tweety} <-> {Birdie} %1%
Tweety <-> Birdie
--------------------
<Birdie <-> Tweety> %1.00;0.90%

Tweety <-> Birdie %1%
{Tweety} <-> {Birdie}
--------------------
 <{Birdie} <-> {Tweety}> %1.00;0.80%



/* ---------- NAL-3 ---------- */


// compound composition, two premises

swan --> swimmer %0.9%
swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (&,bird,swimmer)  
--------------------
<swan --> (&,bird,swimmer)> %0.72;0.83%  

swan --> swimmer %0.9%
swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (|,bird,swimmer)
--------------------
<swan --> (|,bird,swimmer)> %0.98;0.96%

swan --> swimmer %0.9%
swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (-,bird,swimmer)
--------------------
<swan --> (-,bird,swimmer)> %0.08;0.90%

swan --> swimmer %0.9%
swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (-,swimmer,bird) 
--------------------
<swan --> (-,swimmer,bird)> %0.18;0.89% 


// compound composition, one premise

swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (&,bird,swimmer)  
--------------------
<swan --> (&,bird,swimmer)> %0.80;0.47%  

swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (|,bird,swimmer)
--------------------
<swan --> (|,bird,swimmer)> %0.80;0.72%

swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (-,bird,swimmer)
--------------------
<swan --> (-,bird,swimmer)> %0.80;0.47%

swan --> bird %0.8%
swan --> (-,swimmer,bird) 
--------------------
<swan --> (-,swimmer,bird)> %0.20;0.72%


// compound decomposition, two premises

robin --> (&,bird,swimmer) %0%  
robin --> bird %1%
robin --> swimmer
--------------------
<robin --> swimmer> %0.00;0.81%

robin --> (|,bird,swimmer) %1%  
robin --> swimmer %0%
robin --> bird
--------------------
<robin --> bird> %1.00;0.81%

swan --> (-,bird,swimmer) %0%  
swan --> bird %1%
swan --> swimmer
--------------------
<swan --> swimmer> %1.00;0.81%

robin --> (-,bird,swimmer) %0%  
robin --> swimmer %0%
robin --> bird
--------------------
<robin --> bird> %0.00;0.81%


// compound decomposition, one premise

robin --> (&,bird,swimmer) %1%  
robin --> swimmer
--------------------
<robin --> swimmer> %1.00;0.90%

robin --> (|,bird,swimmer) %0%  
robin --> bird
--------------------
<robin --> bird> %0.00;0.47% 

swan --> (-,bird,swimmer) %1%  
swan --> swimmer
--------------------
<swan --> swimmer> %0.00;0.90%

robin --> (-,bird,swimmer) %1%  
robin --> bird
--------------------
<robin --> bird> %1.00;0.90%


// composition on both sides of a statement

bird --> animal %1%
(&, swimmer, bird) --> (&, swimmer, animal)
--------------------
<(&,bird,swimmer) --> (&,animal,swimmer)> %1.00;0.90%


// decomposition on both sides of a statement

(&, swimmer, bird) --> (&, swimmer, animal) %1%
bird --> animal
--------------------
<bird --> animal> %1.00;0.47%


// set operations

something --> {Venus, Mars, Pluto} %0.9%
something --> {Pluto, Saturn} %0.7%
something --> {Pluto}
--------------------
<something --> {Pluto}> %0.63;0.84%

something --> {Venus, Mars, Pluto} %0.9%
something --> {Pluto, Saturn} %0.7%
something --> {Venus, Mars, Pluto, Saturn}
--------------------
<something --> {Mars,Pluto,Saturn,Venus}> %0.97;0.95%

something --> {Venus, Mars, Pluto} %0.9%
something --> {Pluto, Saturn} %0.7%
something --> {Venus, Mars}
--------------------
<something --> {Mars,Venus}> %0.27;0.88%



/* ---------- NAL-4 ---------- */


// structure transformation

(*, acid, base) --> reaction %1%
acid --> (/,reaction,_,base)
--------------------
<acid --> (/,reaction,_,base)> %1.00;0.90% 

acid --> (/,reaction,_,base) %1%
base --> (/,reaction,acid,_)
--------------------
<base --> (/,reaction,acid,_)> %1.00;0.90%

base --> (/,reaction,acid,_) %1%
(*, acid, base) --> reaction
--------------------
<(*,acid,base) --> reaction> %1.00;0.90%

key1 {-- (/, open, _, {lock1}) %1%
?x {-- (/, open, {key1}, _)
--------------------
<{lock1} --> (/,open,{key1},_)> %1.00;0.90%

key1 {-- (/, open, _, {lock1}) %1%
(*, ?x, ?y) --> open
--------------------
<(*,{key1},{lock1}) --> open> %1.00;0.90% 


// composition on both sides of a statement

bird --> animal %0.9%
(*, bird, plant) --> (*, animal, plant)
--------------------
<(*,bird,plant) --> (*,animal,plant)> %0.90;0.90%

neutralization --> reaction %0.9%
(/,neutralization,acid,_) --> (/,reaction,acid,_)
--------------------
<(/,neutralization,acid,_) --> (/,reaction,acid,_)> %0.90;0.81% 

soda --> base %0.9%
(/,neutralization,_,base) --> (/,neutralization,_,soda)
--------------------
<(/,neutralization,_,base) --> (/,neutralization,_,soda)> %0.90;0.81%  


// decomposition on both sides of a statement

(*, plant, bird) --> (*, plant, animal) %0.9%
bird --> animal
--------------------
<bird --> animal> %0.90;0.90%

(/,neutralization,acid,_) --> (/,reaction,acid,_) %0.9%
neutralization --> reaction
--------------------
<neutralization --> reaction> %0.90;0.47%

(/,neutralization,_,base) --> (/,neutralization,_,soda) %0.9%
soda --> base
--------------------
<soda --> base> %0.90;0.47%



/* ---------- NAL-5 ---------- */


// revision

<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> %1; 0.8%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> %0; 0.5%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>> %0.80;0.83% 


// choice

<robin --> swimmer> ==> <robin --> bird> %1; 0.5%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> %0.8%
?x ==> <robin --> bird>
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>> %0.80;0.90%


// deduction

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> %1%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>> %0.90;0.72%

<robin --> bird> <=> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> <=> <robin --> bird> %1%
<robin --> flyer> <=> <robin --> animal>
--------------------
<<robin --> animal> <=> <robin --> flyer>> %0.90;0.81%

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> %1%
<robin --> animal>
--------------------
<robin --> animal> %0.90;0.72%


// induction

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer> %1%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal>> %0.90;0.44%


// abduction

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal> %1%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> 
--------------------
<<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird>> %1.00;0.42%

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
robin --> animal %1%
robin --> bird
--------------------
<robin --> bird> %1.00;0.42%


// merge

<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> bird> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> <=> <robin --> bird>
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> <=> <robin --> flyer>> %0.81;0.82%


// comparison

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> <=> <robin --> bird>
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> <=> <robin --> flyer>> %0.81;0.44%


// analogy

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> flyer> <=> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer>
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer>> %0.81;0.59%


// compound composition, two premises

<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer> %0.9%
<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>)
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>)> %0.81;0.82%

robin --> bird %0.9%
robin --> flyer %0.9%
(&&,<robin --> bird>,<robin --> flyer>)
--------------------
(&&,<robin --> bird>,<robin --> flyer>) %0.81;0.82%


// compound decomposition, two premises

<robin --> bird> ==> (&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>) %0%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> flyer> %1%
<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>
--------------------
<<robin --> bird> ==> <robin --> animal>> %0.00;0.81%

(&&,<robin --> animal>,<robin --> flyer>) %0%
<robin --> flyer> %1%
<robin --> animal>
--------------------
<robin --> animal> %0.00;0.81%


// negation

(--,<robin --> flyer>) %0.1%
<robin --> flyer>
--------------------
<robin --> flyer> %0.90;0.90%

(--,<robin --> bird>) ==> <robin --> flyer> %0.1%
(--,<robin --> flyer>) ==> <robin --> bird>
--------------------
<(--,<robin --> flyer>) ==> <robin --> bird>> %0.00;0.44%



/* ---------- NAL-6 ---------- */


// variable unification

<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> flyer> %1; 0.8%
<#y --> bird> ==> <#y --> flyer> %0; 0.5%
<#z --> bird> ==> <#z --> flyer>
--------------------
<<#1 --> bird> ==> <#1 --> flyer>> %0.80;0.83%

(&&, <#x() --> bird>, <#x() --> flyer>) %1; 0.8%
(&&, <#x() --> bird>, <#x() --> flyer>) %0; 0.5%
(&&, <#x() --> bird>, <#x() --> flyer>)
--------------------
(&&,<#1() --> bird>,<#1() --> flyer>) %1.00;0.80%

<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> animal> %1%
<#y --> robin> ==> <#y --> bird> %1%
<#x --> robin> ==> <#x --> animal>
--------------------
<<#1 --> robin> ==> <#1 --> animal>> %1.00;0.81%


// variable elimination

<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> animal> %1%
robin --> bird %1%
robin --> animal
--------------------
<robin --> animal> %1.00;0.81%

<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> animal> %1%
<robin --> bird> ==> ?


(&&,<#x() --> bird>,<#x() --> swimmer>) %1%
swan --> bird %1%
swan --> swimmer
--------------------
<swan --> swimmer> %1.00;0.44% 


// variable introduction

swan --> bird %1%
swan --> swimmer %1%
<#x --> bird> ==> <#x --> swimmer> 
--------------------
<<#1 --> bird> ==> <#1 --> swimmer>> %1.00;0.44% 

swan --> bird %1%
swan --> swimmer %1%
(&&,<#x() --> bird>,<#x() --> swimmer>) 
--------------------
(&&,<#1() --> bird>,<#1() --> swimmer>) %1.00;0.81%


// multiple variables introduction

key1 --> key %1%
key1 --> (/, open, _, lock1) %1%
<#x --> key> ==> <#x --> (/, open, _, lock1)>
--------------------
<<#1 --> key> ==> <#1 --> (/,open,_,lock1)>> %1.00;0.44%

key1 --> key %1%
key1 --> (/, open, _, lock1) %1%
(&&, <#x() --> key>, <#x() --> (/, open, _, lock1)>)
--------------------
(&&,<#1() --> (/,open,_,lock1)>,<#1() --> key>) %1.00;0.81%

lock1 --> lock %1%
<#x --> key> ==> <#x --> (/, open, _, lock1)> %1.00;0.44%
(&&, <#x --> key>, <#y --> lock>) ==> <#y --> (/, open, #x, _)>
--------------------
<(&&,<#1 --> key>,<#2 --> lock>) ==> <#2 --> (/,open,#1,_)>> %1.00;0.28%

lock1 --> lock %1%
<#x --> key> ==> <#x --> (/, open, _, lock1)> %1.00;0.44%
(&&, <#y() --> lock>, <<#x --> key> ==> <#y() --> (/, open, #x, _)>>)
--------------------
(&&,<#1() --> lock>,<<#2 --> key> ==> <#1() --> (/,open,#2,_)>>) %1.00;0.39% 

lock1 --> lock %1%
(&&, <#x() --> key>, <#x() --> (/, open, _, lock1)>) %1.00;0.81%
<#y --> lock> ==> (&&, <#x(#y) --> key>, <#y --> (/, open, #x(#y), _)>)
--------------------
<<#1 --> lock> ==> (&&,<#1 --> (/,open,#2(#1),_)>,<#2(#1) --> key>)> %1.00;0.42%

lock1 --> lock %1%
(&&, <#x() --> key>, <#x() --> (/, open, _, lock1)>) %1.00;0.81%
(&&, <#x() --> key>, <#y() --> lock>, <#y() --> (/, open, #x(), _)>)
--------------------
(&&,<#1() --> (/,open,#2(),_)>,<#2() --> key>,<#1() --> lock>) %1.00;0.72%



/* ---------- NAL-7 ---------- */


// temporal inference

<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*, #x, door_101) --> open> %0.9%
<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =\> <(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> %0.8%
<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*, #x, key_101) --> hold>
--------------------
<<(*,#1,room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*,#1,key_101) --> hold>> %0.72;0.58%

<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> %0.7%
<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =\> <(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> %0.8%
<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>
--------------------
<<(*,#1,key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*,#1,room_101) --> enter>> %0.70;0.39%

<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> %0.7%
<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =\> <(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> %0.8%
<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*, #x, key_101) --> hold>
--------------------
<<(*,#1,room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*,#1,key_101) --> hold>> %0.80;0.36% 

<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> %0.95%
<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> <=> <(*, #x, corridor_100) --> leave> %1%
<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, corridor_100) --> leave>
--------------------
<<(*,#1,door_101) --> open> =/> <(*,#1,corridor_100) --> leave>> %0.95;0.72%


// inference on tense

<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> %1%
(*, John, key_101) --> hold %1%
(/>, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>)
--------------------
(/>,<(*,John,room_101) --> enter>) %1.00;0.81%

<(*, #x, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> %1%
(*, John, room_101) --> enter %1%
(\>, <(*, John, key_101) --> hold>)
--------------------
(\>,<(*,John,key_101) --> hold>) %1.00;0.44%

<(*, John, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, John, room_101) --> enter> %1%
(/>, <(*, John, key_101) --> hold>) %1%
(/>, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>)
--------------------
(/>,<(*,John,room_101) --> enter>) %1.00;0.81%

<(*, John, key_101) --> hold> =/> <(*, John, room_101) --> enter> %1%
(\>, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>) %1%
(\>, <(*, John, key_101) --> hold>) 
--------------------
(\>,<(*,John,key_101) --> hold>) %1.00;0.44%



/* ---------- NAL-8 ---------- */

[to see all the results, set "Parameter/Report Silence Level" to 0]

// goal revision

John {-- swimmer !1; 0.85!
John {-- swimmer !0; 0.60!
---------------------------------
<{John} --> swimmer> !0.79;0.87!


// goal derivation

John {-- swimmer !1!
backstroker --> swimmer %1%
----------------
<{John} --> backstroker> !1.00;0.81!

John {-- swimmer !1!
swimmer --> athlete %1%
----------------
<{John} --> athlete> !1.00;0.40!

(*, John, room_101) --> enter !1!
<(*, #x, door_101) --> open> =/> <(*, #x, room_101) --> enter>%0.9%
---------------------------------
(\>,<(*,John,door_101) --> open>) !0.90;0.72!

(*, John, room_101) --> enter !1!
<(*, #x, room_101) --> enter> =\> <(*, #x, door_101) --> open> %0.9%
---------------------------------
<(*,John,door_101) --> open> !1.00;0.42! 


// goal decomposition

(||, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>, <(*, John, room_102) --> enter>) !1!
---------------------------------
<(*,John,room_101) --> enter> !1.00;0.90! 
<(*,John,room_102) --> enter> !1.00;0.90! 

(&&, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>, <(*, John, room_102) --> enter>) !1!
---------------------------------
<(*,John,room_101) --> enter> !1.00;0.47!
<(*,John,room_102) --> enter> !1.00;0.47!

(&/, <(*, John, room_101) --> enter>, <(*, John, room_102) --> enter>) !1!
---------------------------------
<(*,John,room_101) --> enter> !1.00;0.47!